Sutton&Anderson Pastoralism Summary :: essays research papers

Sutton Anderson Chapter 8Pastoralism is the form of agriculture where the domestication and use of wolfs are used for the primary means of diet production. There is a relationship among the animals and humans. The humans give the animals protection and guaranteed reproduction. Animals give humans food and other products. Most pastoral groups are loose tribes mournful around, yet the household is the primary organization.Three types of pastoralism exist, (1) nomadic (groups are very mobile and rely heavily on their animals), (2) semi-nomadic (groups are less mobile and animal products are supplemented by horticulture), and (3) semi-sedentary, (groups that are not very mobile and horticulture is a major aspect to the way of life). Herdsman cultivation and sedentary animal husbandry are components of larger agricultural systems. Herbivores are used in pastoralism animals include reindeer, horses, sheep, camels, cattle, and others. The origin of pastoralism is unknown however it is believed that it arose from an agricultural system. The animals live in pasturages and feed there. Grazers in the first place eat grasses and low-growing plants. Browsers eat primarily foliage from bushes and trees. This makes it possible to have different species on the same pasture (habitat) while occupying different niches. Careful management of the pastures is innate for the groups survival. Animal products include meat, blood, milk, hides, hair, wool, and dung. Most groups supplement these products with horticulture, trade and wild resources.Unmanaged or poorly managed use of pastures can led to damage of ecosystems. The authoritative practice of changing forest into pasture lands is causing considerable damage. The Maasai of East Africa provide us with an example of properly managed pastures. The Maasai burn brush to create pasture land, when the herd must be moved so that the pasture can regain its strength, other animals such as deer and small wild pigs figure the fallo w fields, thus creating another resource of food for them. The governments of Kenya and Tanzania took about 75% of the Maasai lands to use for tourism. The land soon began to grow over and the brush took over. The large game that the government was counting on to create revenue from the tourists began to leave to find more suitable land. The governments are slowly giving the Maasai people their land choke in hope that their properly managed pastures can bring the large game back.The Navajo of the American Southwest are an example of semi sedentary pastoralists.

Free College Essays - When Honor is Gone in Shakespeares Othello :: GCSE Coursework Shakespeare Othello

Othello When Honor is Gone, What is Left? This is the question we ask ourselves while reading Shakespeares Othello. mop up-to-end the play Iagos mission is revealed as trying to strip Othello of all honor, and reduce him to his bestial state. Iago sees Othello as a beat from the beginning of the play and is placed to expose him to everyone. In order for the world to see what Iago already views Othello as, Iago intends to persuade Othello to violate his code of honor the honor which is the only thing that separates the beasts from the men. Ironically, as Iago tries to coax cable the beat out of Othello by making him violate his code of justice, we see that Othellos bestiality was there all along. From the beginning of the play, Iagos view of Othello as a beast is obvious. Iago repeatedly describe Othello in terms of animals. When Iago tries to anger Brabantio when news of his daughter marrying the Moor erupts, Iago describe his new son-in-law in vulgar, bestial terms. Iago says plane now, now, very now, an old black ram... is tuping your white ewe. (I.1 lines 89-90) He also states youll capture your daughter coverd with a Barbary horse .youll have your nephews neigh to you youll have coursers for cousins and gennets for germans. (I.1 lines 110-114) Iago truly thinks Othello a beast, as he even refers to Othello in animal terms when he is by himself. In Iagos soliloquy at the end of Act 1, Iago says that Othello will as tenderly be led by thnose as asses are. (I.3 lines 395-396) Everyone else sees Othello a man of justice who is spoken of by the Duke as he says, If virtue no delighted beauty lack, Your son-in-law is far more fair than black (I.3 lines 330-331) Iago is determined to bring out the beast in Othello, as he sees it is more just for everyone to know Othello for what he truly s, a beast. Make the Moor thank me, love me, and reward me for making him egregiously an ass. (II.2 lines 302-303) but as everyone views Iago as honest Iago everyone ho lds Othello in high regards. We see how wrong the characters can be as they do not see the true evilness inside Iago, we are implored to think that Othello truly is evil as well.

Images, Imagery, Symbols, and Symbolism in Macbeth Essay -- Macbeth es

Imagery and Symbolism in Macbeth In Macbeth, William Shakespeare uses extensive imagery and symbolism throughout the course of his play. Shakespeare uses this imagery and symbolism so that the reader whitethorn gain a deeper understanding and feeling for the happenings of this tragedy. This is further demonstrated by Shakespeares use of wickedness in Macbeth. As one of the more noticeable and cardinal symbols, darkness represents many different elements in the play. First and foremost, darkness is related to sleep sleep implies both night, a time of darkness, and a personal darkness when ones eyes are closed. The first scene which alludes to darkness is Act I, Scene II where the bloody sergeant has just returned from the battle with Macbeth against Macdonwald. He states, Shipwrecking storms and direful thunders break. This truthful phrase not only foreshadows the storm that is to come, but it is in contrast to the current events where Macbeth has heroically defeate d Macdonwald and the Thane of Cowder. It seems that even in this time of success fo...

Communicating Through Your Computer :: Technology Internet Chatting Papers

Communicating through with(predicate) Your ComputerI sire heard the dangers of meeting people through the new technology of cyberspace. Through the media I have heard events in which females are missing, stalked, or raped for giving away their personal information to strangers through computers. I can renounce a situation when I heard about a young teen miss agreeing to meet a male whom she thought was about her age. She concord to meet him secretly, thinking that she was going to meet her love of her life. She took the bus and headed out east to meet this prince. To the girl her life did not end like or so fairy tales. The prince turned out to be the big bad wolf- a 42-year old just released from prison for rape and murder. The situation for the girl could have ended in a sad, tragic outcome solely was saved by her best friend. The girls friend informed the police and parents about the missing girl whereabouts.People view that chat rooms are filled with people lurking around h unting down nave females for their targets. The stalking does not only come out to females but as well for the males. Now we do not all have pervert people in these chat rooms. Society should also think the positive point of view of what chat rooms do to individuals.The Internet has become a networking tool that has helped the society. One can look up topics, issue letters, look up and plan events, shop from your favorite stores, and read or hear the news from your community or worldwide. Within minutes (or even less) unrivaled can establish contact with like-minded individuals and discuss interesting (and non-interesting) topics. One can participate in the synchronous communication or as we tell apart it as chat rooms. We can communicate with unknown individuals, which can gradually lead into friendship and relationships. As mentioned before synchronous communication is viewed negatively but there is also a positive side. Communicating in chat rooms can lead into friendships or romance, helpful for the individuals who are shy, troubled or disabled.I was lonely and did not have any friends when I moved from home to attend the university. I would go to the library and see students communicate with opposite individuals through the computer. I was curious to see how one could interact a conversation with others through the chat rooms. I entered through one of the popular weathervane providers- www.

Reviewing the Necessity of Punishment Essay -- Essays Papers

Reviewing the Necessity of PunishmentFrom On Crimes and Punishment by Cesare Beccaria is an excerpt from On Crimes and Punishment. In his take to the public, particularly those in political positions, Beccaria discusses the way we as a society choose to carry out the law. What he calls useless severity of punishment encompasses his thoughts on extremes such as capital punishment and the cruelties that we allow our government to inflict upon its consume people in a failing attempt to bring swan to our society. The closing penalty has plagued our society for centuries, perhaps beginning with the idea of human sacrifice that has been turned around as a cycle of never-ending death and cruelty. The writing techniques employed by Beccaria effectively convince his audience that our forms of criminal punishment are nothing more than an unnecessary bad habit. In a debate, one can easily bring their opposition to silence by asking them a question that they cannot answer. Beccaria uses this method to his advantage in his work. He asks a series of questions that cant be easily answered. The lazy lecturer would much rather have faith in Beccarias beliefs than sort through the questions and find answers themselves. He asks, What is the outgo way of preventing crimes? Are the same penalties always equally useful? What influence have they on social custom? (64). These questions only lead to more questions. The reader may be able to ponder situations that both promote and discredit any solutions they may have for these questions, leaving them more confused about their own stance. The reader is so wrapped up in trying to answer these questions, that they dont realize that Beccaria himself never answers them. This sly technique encoura... ...lthough the work was written at a time when numerous crimes were punishable by death, Beccarias work has exceeded his time because his convincing work can still provoke thought on current forms of punishment. His employment through qu estions, lists, and especially word choice effectively convince the reader to give more thought about his position, if not change their own flavour altogether. Beccaria not only gives reasons to oppose extreme punishment, but his gives a solution the surest but most difficult way of preventing crime is to improve education(70). So in the end, the reader not only has his propositions to think about, but they are left the idea of education being the end to crime. Works CitedBeccaria, Cesare. From On Crimes and Punishment. In R. Cosgrove (Ed.), Readings in Hesperian Civilizations (pp. 63-71). Boston Pearson Custom Publishing.

Reviewing the Necessity of Punishment Essay -- Essays Papers

Reviewing the Necessity of PunishmentFrom On Crimes and Punishment by Cesare Beccaria is an excerpt from On Crimes and Punishment. In his address to the public, particularly those in political positions, Beccaria discusses the dash we as a society choose to carry out the law. What he calls useless severity of punishment encompasses his thoughts on organics such as capital punishment and the cruelties that we allow our government to inflict upon its own people in a failing attempt to fuck off order to our society. The death penalty has plagued our society for centuries, perchance beginning with the idea of human sacrifice that has been turned around as a cycle of never-ending death and cruelty. The writing techniques employed by Beccaria efficaciously convince his audience that our forms of criminal punishment are nothing more than an unnecessary bad habit. In a debate, one can easily bring their opposition to silence by asking them a question that they cannot answer. Beccaria us es this method to his advantage in his work. He asks a series of questions that cant be easily answered. The sluggish reader would much rather have faith in Beccarias beliefs than sort through the questions and find answers themselves. He asks, What is the best way of preventing crimes? Are the same penalties of all time equally useful? What influence have they on social custom? (64). These questions only lead to more questions. The reader may be able to contrive situations that both promote and discredit any solutions they may have for these questions, leaving them more confused about their own stance. The reader is so wrapped up in trying to answer these questions, that they dont realize that Beccaria himself never answers them. This sly technique encoura... ...lthough the work was written at a time when numerous crimes were punishable by death, Beccarias work has exceeded his time because his convincing work can still provoke thought on current forms of punishment. His manipul ation through questions, lists, and especially word quality effectively convince the reader to give more thought about his position, if not change their own opinion altogether. Beccaria not only gives reasons to oppose extreme punishment, but his gives a solution the surest but most difficult way of preventing crime is to improve education(70). So in the end, the reader not only has his propositions to debate about, but they are left the idea of education being the end to crime. Works CitedBeccaria, Cesare. From On Crimes and Punishment. In R. Cosgrove (Ed.), Readings in Western Civilizations (pp. 63-71). Boston Pearson Custom Publishing.

Nora †A Classical Hero in Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll`s House Essay

Nora Helmer, the central character, wife of Torvald, and mother of three children, is indeed a unspotted hero in Isbens A maams House. She was hiding her character and nature through protrude the play under the pretense of the ideal 19th century wife who completely abides to her husband. The character of Nora is quite laborious to interpret as she is made out of a combination of different traits. Even though she is found to be playful and silly in authoritative places, she appears very differently in certain other places being very practical and astute. She is indeed a hero as she was successful in screening that she is a supporting wife, and a good mother.Nora attempts to become a strong individual even though she was being locked in a male rule world. Her husband Torvalds dominating nature was the one that was preventing her from become self motivated. She appeared inexperienced, nave and vulnerable till the end when she surprised everybody by boldly release her husband and children to live an independent life.Noras world appeared to be so childish that the author has named it as a dolls house. She appeared as an alien to the real world with no real world experience. She was even found humorous in few incidents. But we can see the selfsame(prenominal) Nora being serious and trying to be superior as she studys one isnt without influence.She is indeed a captivating character. Even though Nora is constructed as immature and silly, we can see that this nature is enforced by the conjunction around her. However her true nature was destined to be revealed later. Nora is found to be an independent woman who was restricted within the dollhouse by her husband. Her life was like that of a butterfly that is trying to get out of the cocoon to enter its true colors.We can see Nora striving, throughout the play, and finally unveiling her original self. She is indeed a classical hero. She was submissive to her husband and was enthusiastic and smart. We can claim that Nora was always right in her attitude as this was the best she can be towards her dominating husband. Towards the end of the play she discovered herself and took the big shocking last to leave her husband and children for ever.Nora is found to be swinging along the extremes. We can find her extremely happy during some times and deeply depressed in certain other times. We can find her desperate and needy and also prosperous and self sufficient. Nora is sometimes wise and sometimes silly. She is tottering between the personality she wants to be and the personality she pretends to be.She was found subordinate to her husband Torvald who believed that women are frail and can never make decision of their get. However finally Nora gets hold of her indistinguishability and dares to take the great decision to abandon her husband and children. Noras great passion for life and her strong feministic beliefs stimulated her to take the decision of her life. She courageously stone-broke a way from the doll house that appeared as a prison for her all through these days.Nora was always under the care of someone, first with her father and then with her husband. Nora was a materialistic, impulsive and babyish. But Nora appeared as a bold woman in the final scene of the play. We can see Nora the classical hero walking out of her house in the final scene to live her life. All this makes us doubt whether she was pretending to be silly all through these days to come up with the patriarchal oppression she was suffering from her husband Torvald.Nora finally becomes fully independent to renounce the false union of marriage and the burden of motherhood. She says never see him again. Never. Never. Never. Never see the children again. Them too. Never. never. Oh the icy black water Oh that bottomless that - Oh, if only it were all over Now hes got it hes reading it. Oh, no, no Not yet Goodbye, Torvald Goodbye, my darlings.Nora always wanted to get out of the clutch of her husb and as she says to Rank and Linde Ive the most extraordinary longing to say Bloody hellShe finally gets out all her social and traditional commitments and obligations as become free as a hero. She is such a classical character that our hearts are with her even though she took the pitiless decision to leave her moral husband and innocent little children. She can be called as a hero as a fought for a good cause, the freedom for the weaker sex. The position of women in the 1800s, during the time of Nora was too low.They lived as housewives with no right to vote, own property, and make any significant transactions. Nora recognized her slavery and preferred to break away and live a life with freedom. It is nothing but her courage to represent against oppression made her the most admirable stage heroine of the century. What she has done is perfectly justifiable in the light is modern ideology and culture.She was just being a model to the women of modern days. She stepped into a wider wor ld and making her husband understand that he is not the noble person that she expected him to be. She understands that she can no lifelong continue as a shadow of her husband. She turned out to be a classical hero in the contemporary male dominated society that oppressed women to the core and considered them as a second-class citizen. She just initiated an awakening and made a classical turn in history.Work CitedIbsen, Henrik. A Dolls House. Introduction to Literature Reading, Analyzing, and Writing. Englewood Cliffs Prentice, 1990

Project Approach: A Key for Better Learning Essay

The Project get on type of learning presented by Sylvia Chard is an effective tool to use in the learning place. This admission allows students, especially the youthfuler ones, to develop a wide range of learning and have a thorough understanding on different things which they encounter in their everyday lives. The said approach promotes the use of a specific topic which is most likely relevant to young children. Although there is a vast of topics in which the teacher can choose from, it is important to consider that the topic to be chosen should be of significant to the learners.Topics to be employ essential be affiliate to other areas of study. In adapting the said approach, a teacher must first understand that this approach is a means to supplement and provide the children with contexts for applying the skills they learn in the more formal parts of the curriculum. A more concrete, local and specific topic is best to be used on younger learners. The teacher must however note the differences between a topic and a theme. Distinction between these two concepts should be clear.A topic defines a more slender area of study than the so called theme. Having a vague idea between the two concepts may lead to poor teaching and may cause admiration to children in the classroom. An educator must also note the distinction between a project and a unit because these two concepts are sometimes used interchangeably. As to any approach in the teaching process, it is imperative for a teacher to first understand the depth and the concerns of the process.Before implementing a project to young children, the teacher should assess and have a clear idea on what he would like to portray to his students. Initial planning and used of tools such as the topic web would be beneficial. Considering planning before starting the project would lead to a more organized manner of teaching. Furthermore, consulting other teachers on the wide-awake project would help one to improve his proje ct. Application of the project approach in the learning place would bring a lot of benefits if properly executed.This approach develops a learners capability to think critically in analyzing the topic presented. They will be more likely to raise their opinions and questions regarding the topic presented and bunk to find solutions and justification by collaborative working with other children and their teacher. And as opposed to the systematic approach of teaching, the project approach encourages alert participation of the children because this addresses their proficiencies alternatively of their deficiencies.Knowing the nature of young children, they are more encourage and motivated if the teacher would acknowledge their accomplished works. In addition, this approach would also promote active participation of children in the learning place and would therefore make the discussion to be more lively and interactive. Reference Chard, Sylvia C. (1992). The Project Approach A applicati ve Guide for Teachers. Edmonton, Alberta University of Alberta Printing Services.

Knowledge and the sources provided Essay

Evacuation was both successful and unsuccessful. The Government did manage to secure its objectives of guardianship infantren safe and keeping the war machine going without the threat of children being killed which was a successful aspect of voidance. Although the conditions on the train were cramped and in that respect was a lack of facilities, a vast amount of children were transported out of the cities quickly and efficiently. Most of the children who were evacuated also benefited from it although some did have bad experiences.However a major problem with liquidation was that a significant number of children either did not go or returned back to the danger-zones. Despite the government propaganda for instance the How and Why pamphlet, which contributed to the efficient way in which children were evacuated numerous parents refused to allow their children to leave. In Hope and Glory a m opposite agrees to evacuate her children but then becomes overcome with emotion and unable to part with her children. This was quite a common occurrence and some parents did not even consider evacuating their children due to preconceived ideas.Source E highlights this the man being interviewed would not send his child away as he thought that they cant be looked after where theyre sending them. This man, like many other citizens had preconceptions of the countryside such as theyve nothing there they were starving there before the war Many children who were evacuated returned home, some because they were unhappy and some because their parents did not see the need for them to remain there because of the phoney war in which no bombs were dropped on cities.This meant that they would be back in danger zones, which was not a success from the governments specify of view. The actual transportation of the children was very well organised the children were all registered in advance and were put onto the trains efficiently. Source A depicts evacuees walking to the station in London . This suggests that evacuation was well-ordered as all the children are walking in an orderly fashion they are all smiling and a few are waving.This shows that the children were kernel in being evacuated. However one must take into account the fact that the acknowledgment is a photograph hence it could have been staged. Source B contradicts this and suggests that evacuation was a nerve-racking experience for the children involved as they were too afraid to talk. The source also states that the children didnt know where they were going this is a negative factor as it would cause angst amongst the children and suggests disorganisation.As well as simply the organisation and official objectives behind evacuation there are other aspects which one must consider. Many children gained a lot of new experiences and there were many long-term benefits. Some long-term benefits include broadened horizons of the children, increased understanding amid classes and a raised awareness of urban pov erty. Many country dwellers did not know how city children lived and evacuation was an opportunity for them to find out.Source C, an extract from Carries War by Nina Bowden highlights a misconception about evacuees as the child in the novel says she thinks were unequal children, too poor to afford slippers. However this source is not really a primary source, as although it is based on reality, it is a fictitious novel. A lot of evacuees had positive experiences such as enjoying healthier, safer milieu than the cities as well as developing a life-long love of the countryside.On the other hand some children were just treated like servants by their foster families or made to feel very unwelcome. These children experienced some of the negative factors of country life. Many of the foster families had negative experiences such as bad-mannered children or children with poor personal hygiene. These experiences are both positive and negative although they were unpleasant, they resulted i n raised awareness of urban childrens welfare. This raised awareness of poverty resulted in the ingress of the Welfare State Shortly after W. W.II. Many foster families and evacuees enjoyed the experience of evacuation and treasured memories of it for many years. The evacuees were predominantly grateful, Source D, a government advert suggests that the foster families were doing a real service for the nation this evokes patriotism and causes people to come together and help each other, which is another positive outcome of evacuation. This advertisement encouraged people to take in evacuees thus making the arrangements easier and more orderly, increasing the successfulness of evacuation.When looking at all the evidence available to us it is clear that although evacuation was not a great success as there were a great deal of setbacks, such as the children who did not go and children who returned home it was quite successful as the government did secure the objective of reducing civi lian casualties. Many other benefits were as a result of evacuation and it was an enlightening experience for all those concerned. There were a few negative effects for certain individuals but as a whole, this nation benefited from evacuation.

IPT Marketing

As a consumer-focused company, Its Popcorn Time (IPT) will be joining the ranks of such organizations as Nike, Diageo/Guinness (a liquor distributor), AAA, and Ford Motor play along. What this means is simply that IPT will go forward with marketing strategies that are designed to serve the nodes, anticipate their implys and fall by the wayside value through the distribution of a quality product.Through the use of segmenting, organiseing, positioning, and specialization, IPT will be utilizing the same strategies major corporations do and develop a think which focuses on reaching its consumers. Ford Motor Company rolled appear a new consumer-focused marketing strategy in 2000 to allow them to interact with their customers. In doing so, they were able to determine the consumers expectations for the vehicles they purchased and follow up with them afterward to ensure their needs had been met when they purchased a Ford product. Nike used marketing strategies to identify key geograp hical areas which promised the greatest growth for the company, then divided the areas into segments in order to effectively target the new consumer bases.The first step is determining the boundaries of IPTs market and then segmenting it. before long IPT, enjoys a strong local consumer base which can be divided into retail and wholesale segments. As physical expansion occurs, market segments will need to be further differentiated with the inclusion of customers throughout the United States and Canada. In addition to this geographical segmentation, using psychographic criterion will identify further segments, such as those who are health-conscious.Targeting involves deciding which of our market segments are most beneficial to IPTs bottom line and using appropriate marketing materials to reach this customer base. For example, IPT currently sells to wholesale accounts who purchase products at a reduced price but distribute them to a wider population. Consequently, the wholesale market will remain an authorized aspect of reaching future sales goals. Popcorn and pretzels can target the health-conscious segment by marketing their low fat, low sugar and low caloric composition.Positioning IPT in the market will consist of developing a distinctive brand image that focuses on the quality of its offerings. By focusing on the quality, variety, and uniqueness of products in addition to IPTs superior customer service standards, IPT will create its position in the market to more effectively target market segments and reduce the threat of competition.What makes IPT different from other food products companies? It is the ease of ordering, which will be further enhanced by the creation of a point-of-sale website, the types of products, showcased by Pennsylvania Dutch treats, and the delivery of service which conforms to, or exceeds, customer expectation. IPTs products are distinctive and tasty. They are not the cheapest nor most expensive on the market due to the quality in gredients used and this will differentiate IPT from other, more mainstream companies as well as gourmet foods distributors.As part of targeting, positioning and differentiation the following strategies will be employed1) Advertising Develop an innovative campaign for introduction of new products and the expansion of the companys core portfolio of pretzels and popcorn through advertising in traditional media as well as creation of the website.2) Sales promotion to include an aggressive sales blitz with managers handing out catalogs, coupons and samples. Marketing materials will be carefully developed to target both retail and wholesale segments.3) Public relations IPT must be visible in the community, particularly in those geographic areas which are new markets, through the use of local newspaper advertising, sponsorships and promotional events.4) Customer Relationship Management CRM practices will be instituted to retain existing clients as well as create a forum for testing the introduction of new products. Works CitedFord Motor Company Announces Consumer-Focused Organization for the 21st Century. Ford Motor Company Press Releases. Retrieved January 15, 2008Nike Promotions Create Consumer-Focused Structure (August, 2006). Display and Design Ideas. Retrieved January 15, 2008.Schewe, Charles D. Segmenting, Targeting, and Positioning Cornerstones of Marketing Management. University of Massachusetts. Retrieved January 15, 2008

Research proposal Essay

Roselle Jardin Ranario, DPA look AdviserOctober 2013ACKNOWLEDGMENTThinking that this was impossible to execute made us realize that everything would be possible especi entirelyy with full overhaul and support from mountain around us. Not only motivating us further a wish well helped us to chase after our goal. They gave us the courage to do good and guided all throughout. It is our pleasure to thank those who made this possible.To our Heavenly Father, for His divine providence and for giving us enough strength.To our families, for their moral and financial support especially during sticky times.To our very supportive adviser, Dr. Roselle Jardin-Ronario, DPA for giving us words of wisdom and guiding us all throughout. Thank you also for the patience and encouragements.TABLE OF CONTENTSTitlePage NumberINTRODUCTIONrationale4 Theoretical Back scope7Statement of the Problem13Signifi fagce of the Study14RELATED LITERATURE15 explore METHODOLOGY22 investigate DesignResearch Environm entResearch RespondentsResearch InstrumentSelected ground on the operationselective information Gathering Procedures23Treatment of DataDEFINITION OF TERMS24BIBLIOGRAPHY25APPENDICES28CURRICULUM VITAE29IntroductionRationaleThe love and eagerness to spang is the beginning of a beautiful journey towards schooling. The moment we want to know about any concept, we tend todevelop adhesion towards it. By therefore, we would like to learn more about the concept and would do anything to know better.Statistically, Mathematics has been the academic subject that has presented the longest challenge to many students. numerous lookers suggest that difficulties in acquirement mathematics begin as early as pre-school. They argue that inadequate association and ineffective find outing by round teachers plant the seed for future complications in the mathematics classroom.In an effort to address the challenge of poor academic performance in math, there is an abounding amount of literatur e and research on improvement in methods of math instruction. Since then, teachers argon trying to utilize their creativity and initiative to grasp more strategies on how to develop the numeral ability of learners effectively.The students start to dislike math beca persona they do not understand. It builds up each grade direct to the point that they hate it be cause they convey difficulty in information. The learners were not able to master the competency that they need to master each grade level. And because of this, learners develop attitude and perplexity towards math.Computer aid instruction being used by many Asian countries in school especially in teaching math subject is of great help for both teachers and students. This can help learners understand well the concept of numbers, symbols, and objects through clear visual, accurate, and fast learning process and develop more of their mathematical ability. by nub of this, learners ar now more confident to learn math and learning is more effective when teaching-learning method is incorporated with both verbal and visual entity with the use of computing device assisted instruction.This concern draws an interest to the researchers to know the Asian peoples math attitudes and anxieties in information processing system assisted instructions. The researchers attempt to help the learners to hold dear math more and with it, they go out be able to start learning math better. In the long run, the learners will be able to develop their mathematical ability and be able to make use of it on their future chosen field. With the findings, theresearchers whitethorn also be able to relate it to the math learners since the researchers themselves ar also a math instructor in iodine of the schools in Asia. The researchers may come up with effective strategies in the teaching-learning environment with the learners to improve their math performance.Theoretical BackgroundThis study is anchored by these two theor ies Banduras Social Cognitive possible action and Vygotskys Social Constructivist Theory. Banduras Social Cognitive Theory is composed of four processes of goal realization self-observation, self-evaluation, self-reaction and self-efficacy. These components be interrelated, each having an effect on pauperism and goal attainment (Redmond, 2010).Self-observationObserving oneself can inform and motivate. It can be used to assess ones progress toward goal attainment as well as motivate behavioral changes. There are two of import factors with regards to self-observation regularity and proximity. Regularity means the behavior should be continually observed, whereas proximity means the behavior should be observed while it occurs, or shortly after. Alone, self-observation is insufficient because motivation depends on ones expectations of outcomes and efficacy (Zimmerman & Schunk, 2001).Self-evaluation Self-evaluation compares an individuals current performance with a desired performanc e or goal. It is affected by the standards set and the importance of the goals. Goals must be specific and important therefore, goals such as, do your best are vague and will not motivate. Schunk and Zimmerman (1994) state that specific goals specify the amount of effort required for success and boost self-efficacy because progress is easy to gauge. If one has little regard for his goal he will not evaluate performance.There are two types of self-evaluation standards absolute and prescriptive. For example, a grading scale would be an example of a fixed or absolute standard. A fond comparison such as evaluating ones behavior or performance against other individuals is an example of a normative standard(Zimmerman &Schunk, 2001). People gain satisfaction when they achieve goals that they value. When individuals achieve these valued goals, they are more likely to continue to exert a high level of effort, since sub-standard performance will no longer provide satisfaction (Bandura, 1989) .Self-reaction Reactions to ones performance can be motivating. If the progress made is deemed acceptable, then one will welcome a feeling of self-efficacy with regard to continuing, and will be motivated towards the achievement of their goal. A negative self-evaluation might also be motivating in that one may desire to work punishinger provided that they consider the goal to be valuable. Self-reaction also allows a person to re-evaluate their goals in conjunction with their attainments (Bandura, 1989). If a person has achieved a goal, they are likely to re-evaluate and raise the standard (goal) whereas, if a person has not achieved the goal, they are likely to re-evaluate and lower the standard (goal) to an achievable goal.Self-efficacy Ones belief in the likelihood of goal completion can be motivating in itself (Van der Bijl&Shortridge-Baggett, 2002). Self-efficacy refers to peoples judgements about their capability to perform peculiar(prenominal) tasks. Task-related self-effic acy increases the effort and persistence towards challenging tasks therefore, increasing the likelihood that they will be completed (Barling & Beattie, 1983, as cited in Axtell & Parker, 2003, p. 114).Vygotsky (as cited by Whitcomb, 2002) stresses that cognitive development is a hearty activity. Every function in the childs cultural development appears twice first, on the social level, and later, on the individual level first, between people (interpsychological) and then inside the child (intrapsychological). Adolescents develop their own thoughts and attitudes through social moveion and communication with peers and other members of society. (Rogoff, et al, 2007). They can also learn by observe the activities and interactions of others in a social setting. Adolescent students must have access to a more knowledgeable person or persons with whom they can communicate and interact socially.Realizing this will help keep teachers aware of just how meaningful their interactions and atti tudesare to a student, and how what they say and do can influence a student. Depending on the social context of the classroom, a student may benefit from being able to interact freely and socially with other students as they learn. The teacher may be socially less(prenominal) accessionable in the classroom context. A ten year study at Harvard (Crouch, & Mazur, 2001) showed that most students learn more from group learning activities than they do studying unaccompanied or listening to the teacher dispense information. When students are required to explain their ideas to their peers in a dialogue, rather than recite some(prenominal) correct explanation the teacher has told them, they more fully engage their minds, using their own cultural tools and opening their own ad hominem beliefs to eventual modification.Vygotskys important notion state that students learn most effectively when they are given tasks which are a little too difficult for an individual to accomplish alone but can be mastered through social cooperation, is called teaching in the students Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD). What he means is that if the lessons and tasks given to a student are not close enough proximal to what the student finds challenging, then the student will not develop. Trivial exercises result in for the most part boredom and little to no cognitive development. On the other end of the spectrum, if a task is too difficult for students, even when they can work together, then they will simply fail at it and also achieve little development. So there is an optimal zone, or magic middle, where students are challenged, but can cooperate socially to increase their mastery of the task. Such a task is said to be inwardly the ZPD.The concept of a ZPD can also be applied to the way adolescents think and develop. Most adolescents want to develop into adults and join adult society, perhaps to be free from their diminished status to a lower place the adults within society, particula rly in our culture. If we consider that operating within the ZPD is the most efficient way to develop the cognitive and social functions of an adult, then it is only inhering that adolescents tend to form groups of their peers and then attempt to understand and imitate adult social and cultural behaviors. The ZPD is very strongly evidenced by classroom studies. A study at the University of Illinois (Wenning, & Wenning, 2006) on the implementation of new inquiry- ground lab activities, which are more challenging and more work forboth students and instructors, found that these new and difficult activities must be introduced gradually.The research group achieved great success when they began the course with lab activities that were the easiest to understand within the pre-existing scaffolding (in this case, their educational background) and within the students ZPD. As the course progressed, the lab activities became increasingly complex, but the students continued to succeed and incre ased their skills and understanding. By working within their ZPD, they were able to shift it ever higher and achieve mastery, just as Vygotsky would have predicted. When I become a physics teacher, I know I will have to use this same shape up First I will have to investigate and identify my students ZPD, as they did in the Illinois study.(Wenning, & Wenning, 2006).Statement of the ProblemThis study aims to examine the relationship of Math attitude and anxiety of students in estimator assisted instruction across Asian countries. Specifically, this study aims to know the following1. What is the Math attitude of the learners across Asian countries? 2. What are the levels of Math anxiety of the learners across Asian countries? 3. What are the types of computer assisted instruction in Math across Asian countries? 4. What are the effects of computer assisted instruction in Math attitude of the learners? 5. What are the effects of computer assisted instruction to the levels of Math anxie ty of learners?Significance of the StudyThe results of this research study categorically benefited from many sectors of the educational institutions by providing information on the results of the performance in terms of students language achievement that will enable the teachers to know the students areas of difficulty and strength, thereby guiding them in reconstructing their program of teaching to suit their take. Among the persons who will be directly or indirectly benefited are the following To the lead story concerned, the results of this researchstudy may give her insights which would encourage her to plan projects designed to improve the quality of language teaching in the public school like Minglanilla National Science High teach as the lead school of all public secondary schools in the Municipality of Minglanilla, Cebu Province. The district coordinator in English of the Municipality of Minglanilla as a researcher will benefit from the experimental study for future refer ences. He has been provided with the data and information necessary for his experimental analysis utilizing the macro-skills learning performance intended for High School students, particularly in science classes.This will help the English teachers in Science High School realize in order for them to understand the new approaches in teaching and to be able to use the techniques and procedures effectively. Thus, it is necessary to bring their training up-to-date. They should as well encourage free lance thinking and free communication of notions among the students concerned using the tools of expressions acquired in English class because this is the eventual aim of language teaching. To the first year teachers assigned to teach pilot classes as formative years in first year, it may enable them to realize that they should understand evaluation and procedures with emphasis on experimental viewpoints and learning approaches not only them as teachers but also their students so they can i ntegrate with their own teaching and testing. More significantly, they will realize that in fair play to their students, they should test what they really teach.The secondary freshmen as student entrants of Minglanilla National Science High School will further ameliorate their savvy based on the structured lessons and differ mentally according to the departmentalized lessons, advanced lessons presented, and general learning performance based also on their intellectual aspects of learning. It will enable the students in general to grasp at the innovative teaching-learning approaches shared with them not only by the teachers but also by the freshmen pilot classes in terms of the four (4) areas of English language teaching, namely, listening, speaking, reading and writing as sequenced in the lessons. Finally, the learning institution should initiate and institute a re-training program for the students as the training ground for them to go for the next higher level.REVIEW OF RELATED LI TERATUREThe learning of mathematics is affected by the confidence of learners in their mathematical abilitiesand the attitudes, beliefs, and feelings they harbour towards mathematics (Coben, 2003 as cited by Kerlinger 2004). Their conceptions of the subject and their perceptions of themselves and of their relationship to mathematics lie at the heart of their mathematics learning behaviour (Philippou & Christou, 1998). For consternation of embarrassment, many adults go to great lengths to avoid admitting that they nonplus reading difficulties, yet it appears to be normal, even acceptable, in modern life to readily admit to a dislike and misunderstanding of mathematics. Sewell (1981) suggested that at least half the population, including many with high mathematical qualifications, had negative attitudes to mathematics, ranging from lack of confidence to anxiety and even worry.According to Banduras sociocognitive theory, students motivation is a construct that is built out of indivi dual learning activities and experiences, and it varies from one situation or context to another as cited by Pantzaira & Philippou, 2007. Schereiber (2000) said that those who have positive attitudes towards Mathematics have better performance in Mathematics.Latterell (2008) writes in her book about the Math Wars that Japanese people believe in gambae. Gambae means that one is successful if one works hard enough to be successful. Ones attitude and behavior must match the belief that hard work leads to success (p. 126). Considering the results of the TIMSS, American students are no competition for Japanese students in mathematics. Japanese and other Asian students consistently outperform American students in mathematics (Latterell, 2008) and innumeracy. Those with low mathematical abilities are likely to have more negative attitudes toward the subject and less inclination to make the effort to improve their mathematical abilities (p. 212). Hammerman and Goldberg (2003) also state tha t to become successful in mathematics requires a positive attitude and belief in ones ability to succeed.The factors touch on mathematics anxiety were mathematics achievement,attitude toward mathematics, trait anxiety, and debilitating anxiety. Mathematics attitude, mathematics achievement, field indepedence, and the anxiety measures were found to be significant forecasters of level of mathematics anxiety. Math anxiety is a real trouble facing students, teachers, and parents. instructors and parents that are afraid of mathematics pass that on to their students and children (Furner & Duffy, 2002). Students who have math anxiety mettle real and long-lasting consequences. Ashcraft and Kirk (2001) pull back the common belief that because of long-term avoidance of math, and their lesser mastery of the math that couldnt be avoided, high-math-anxiety individuals are simply less competent at doing math (p. 224).Extensive literature demonstrates that anxiety, stress, lack of confidence , and phobic reactions in the face of mathematical problems are exhibited in most modern cultures (Macrae, 2003), and math- anxiety is commonly characterized by feelings of tension, apprehension, or fear that impacts on mathematical performance (Ashcraft, 2002). It is associated with loss of self-esteem in confronting a mathematical situation (Acelajado, 2004), negative reactions to mathematical concepts and evaluation procedures, and with many constructs including working memory, age, gender, self-efficacy, and mathematics attitudes (Cates & Rhymer, 2003).Students faced with the dual burdens of intractable content and math-anxiety a posteriori tend to have weak or negative mathematics self-efficacy beliefs. Bandura (1986) defined self-efficacy beliefs as peoples judgements of their capabilities to organize and execute courses of action required to attain designated types of performances as cited by Chiu 2009. Self-efficacy beliefs are a better predictor of success than an inventor y of skills or prior achievements, and relationships have been found between self-efficacy for solve mathematics problems and mathanxiety, mathematics attitudes, general mental ability, mathematics self-concept, and mathematics experience (Finney & Schraw, 2003).Yksel-ahin (2008) said that Mathematics anxiety has to do with a sense of discomfort while required to work on mathematical problems (Hadfield &Trujillo, 1999 Ma, 2003). Low grades or failure in mathematics could also lead to mathematics anxiety or exasperate students existing levels of anxiety for mathematics (Ma & Xu, 2004 Norwood, 1994 Reynolds, 2001 Satake & Amato, 1995 Townsend, Moore, Tuck, & Wilton, 1998). Failure in mathematics, fear and anxiety about it could cause extreme feelings of dislike about mathematics. Indeed, Hopko et.al. (2003) observed that persons with mathematics anxiety make more mistakes in dealing with mathematics problems. myopic performance in mathematics has been linked to an increase in mathema tics anxiety (Furner & Duffy, 2002 Hopko et.al., 2003). Megan R. Smith (2004) said that Math anxiety is a real problem facing students and teachers today. The mathematics teacher especially needs to understand the causes and effects of math anxiety as well as ways to help students crucify it. There are many symptoms of math anxiety including an unwillingness to attempt mathematics problems, a fear of taking advanced mathematics classes, and being signally nervous when in mathematics class. Math anxiety hinders students working memory (Perina, 2002). It occurs at different ages in different people for different reasons. The main cause of math anxiety is the teacher himself It has been shown that students tend to internalize their instructors interest in and enthusiasm for teaching math (Jackson and Leffingwell, 1999).It is imperative when teaching mathematics that the teacher progresses from simple problems to complex ones (Schwartz, 2000). The students also need to have support sy stems in mathematics, whether this comes from their parents at home or with other students at school (Schwartz, 2000). The superlative prevention of math anxiety is the teacher himself. As stated before, the teacher needs to have a positive attitude when in class and needs to be willing to help students. The teacher must believe in the students even when they do not believe in themselves.Math anxiety is a real problem facing students, teachers, and parents. Teachers and parents that are afraid of mathematics pass that on to their students and children (Furner & Duffy, 2002). Students who have math anxietyface real and long-lasting consequences. Ashcraft and Kirk (2001) describe the common belief that because of long-term avoidance of math, and their lesser mastery of the math that couldnt be avoided, high-math-anxiety individuals are simply less competent at doing math (p. 224).Indeed, Hopko et.al. (2003) observed that persons with mathematics anxiety make more mistakes in dealing with mathematics problems. Such mistakes lead to lower grades in mathematics which in unit of ammunition increases anxiety about math.Computer-assisted instruction (CAI) Computer Aided culture (CAI) is a narrower term and most often refers to drill-and-practice, tutorial, or simulation activities. Computer based tools and applications are used to assist the teacher or school administrator in the management of the learner and instructional process. Computer Assisted Instruction (CAI) A self-learning technique, commonly offline/online, involving interaction of the student with programmed instructional materials. Computer-assisted instruction (CAI) is an interactive instructional technique whereby a computer is used to present the instructional material and monitor the learning that takes place.Computer based instruction is a remediation or instruction presented on a computer according to the American Institute of Research, 2004. Johnson (2000) said that the computer opens a wide r ange of resources. When correctly used, they give learners a different level of experience and bring new style and height of analysis in the classroom. In the Philippines, the Department of Education is in the final stage of completing the five year Information and Communication Technology for Education Strategies Plan as Lapus (2008) puts it. Computer based instruction is a remediation or instruction presented on a computer, the American Institute of Research (2004) reiterated.CAI is also known as Computer Assisted Instruction. Examples of CAI applications include guided drill and practice exercises, computer visualization of complex objects, and computer-facilitated communication between learners and teachers. CAI can dramatically increase a learnersaccess to information. The program can adapt to the abilities and preferences of the individual student and increase the amount of personalized instruction a student receives. many students benefit from the immediate responsiveness o f computer interactions and appreciate the self-paced and private learning environment. Moreover, computer-learning experiences often engage the interest of students motivate them to learn and increase independence and personal responsibility for education (Microsoft Encarta, 2008 as cited by Vibar et. Al, 2010).As mentioned by Hergenhahn and Olson (1997) Computer Aided Instruction (CAI) motivates students to learn in ways that traditional instruction may not by providing immediate feedback, personal attention, exciting visual displays, and a game-like atmosphere. In fact, students are often so motivated by CAI that depriving them of their turn with the computer acts as punishment, and giving them additional time with the computer that acts as re-enforcement.Research MethodologyResearch DesignThis study will employ quantitative approach of data analysis and presentation. It utilizes descriptive correlation method of deriving data from 4 different Asian countries namely Malaysia, Ind onesia, Singapore and Philippines.Research RespondentsThe respondents of the study will be selected using data mining technique. The 4 Southeast Asian countries including Philippines are among the many that joined the Trends In Mathematics and Science check up on and based on the records, among the Southeast Asian countries, only four joined namely, Malaysia, Indonesia, Singapore and Philippines based on the 2003 TIMSS records.Research EnvironmentThe research will be conducted within the Four Southeast Asian Countries namely Malaysia, Indonesia, Singapore and Philippines.Research InstrumentFor the empirical phase of the study, the researchers will make use of the record sheet based from the Trends In Mathematics and Science Survey (TIMSS 2003).Research ProceduresGathering of DataAcademic performance will be downloaded from Trends In Mathematics and Science Survey (TIMSS 2003). Through data mining technique, fou different South East Asian countries will be selected based on their pe rformance in Math.Treatment of DataThe cluster sampling will be utilized to identify the four South East Asian Countries and Pearson r correlation coefficient will help unsex the relationship between Math anxiety and Math Attitude.DEFINITION OF TERMSFor a better and clearer understanding of this study, the following terms are operationally defined in the context of this investigation.Computer Assisted Instruction (CAI) refers to the method of teaching that uses computers to interact with students in the teaching-learning process.Math Anxiety refers to the feeling of tension or fear in Math.Math Attitude refers to the behavior towards MathTRENDS IN INTERNATIONAL MATHEMATICS AND SCIENCE STUDY (TIMSS) international assessment of the mathematics and science knowledge of students from different grade levels across countries.DATA MINING TECHNIQUE getting information from a data set and makes itunderstandable for further use.BIBLIOGRAPHYCrouch, C. H., & Mazur, E. (2001). Peer Instruction Ten years of experience and results. American Journal of Physics, 69(9), 970-977. (Peer Instruction and Inquiry)doi10.1119/1.1374249Daniels, H. (2007). Pedagogy. In H. Daniels, J. Wertsch, & M. Cole (Eds.), The Cambridge companion to Vygotsky. New York Cambridge University Press.Dilber, R., Karaman, I., & Duzgun, B. (2009). High school students understanding of projectile front concepts. Educational Research and Evaluation, 15(3), 203-222.Ibrahim, B., Buffler, A., & Lubben, F. (2009). Profiles of Freshman Physics Students Views on the Nature of Science. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 46(3), 248264. Mason, A., & Singh, C. (2010). Helping students learn effective problem solving strategies by reflecting with peers. American Journal of Physics, 78(7), 748-754.Rogoff, B., Moore, L., Najafi, B., Dexter, A., Correa-Chavez, M., & Solis J. (2007). Childrens development of culture repertoires through participation in everyday routines and practices. In J. E. Grusec & P. D. Hasting s (Eds.), Handbook of socialization. New York Guilford.Pachler, Norbert, optic of Excellence for Work-based Learning for Education Professionals, Dept. of learning, Curriculum & Communication, Institute of Education, University of London. 2004.Using fuzzy statistics to determine Mathematics Attitude and Anxiety, Necla Turanli (2013), Middle East Journal of Scientific Research 13 (4) 568-572, IDOSCI Publications.Megan R. Smith. (2004). Math Anxiety Causes, Effects, and PreventativeMeasures.Internet Sourcesglwhitcomb.iweb.bsu.eduTago et al, Mobile Learning, Challenges and Potentials. www.inderscience.comfilter.phphttp//www.edpubs.org. PatrickGonzales (2004). Highlights from the Trends in International Mathematics and Science study (TIMSS) 2003.Chris.klingerflinders.edu.auhttp//www.icmeorganizers.dk/tsg15/APPENDIX EBUDGET digest1. SuppliesDrawing book P 46.00 Clear FolderP 16.00Cost of Servicesa. Print out P 30.00Total P 76.00Prepared byARMESTIDES M. BARGAYO VIRESEARCH TEAM TREASURER Curriculum Vitae individualized DATANameOdessa M. Bonjoc AvenidoAddressLuyang, Carmen, CebuBirthdayNovember 15, 1983Civil StatusMarriedSexFemale geezerhood29SpouseAriel B. AvenidoEDUCATIONAL stressElementary Luyang Elementary School category graduated 1996Secondary Cebu academy social class Graduated 2000Tertiary University of the Visayas Main Campus stratum Graduated 2004Course Bachelor in Elementary Education Area in Mathematics Graduate Studies Cebu Normal UniversityGraduated PresentCourse reign of Arts in Education Major in ELTEmployment RecordPosition Teacher 2DesignationICT TeacherSchool Luyang Elementary School DepEd ProvincePERSONAL DATAName Armestides M. Bargayo VIAddress Lower Pakigne, Minglanilla, CebuBirthday October 22, 1981Civil Status SingleSex MaleAge 31 years oldEDUCATIONAL BACKGROUNDElementary Minglanilla Central SchoolYear Graduated 1994High School Immaculate Heart of Mary AcademyYear Graduated 1998College University of San CarlosYear Graduated 2002Course Bachelor in Secondary Education major in MathGraduate Studies Cebu Normal UniversityYear Graduated PresentCourse moderate of Arts in Education major in MathEmployment RecordPosition Math TeacherSchool University of Cebu Main CampusPERSONAL DATAName Jun Antoinette Z. NavajaAddress 4- E Gorordo Avenue, Kamputhaw,Cebu CityBirthday January 27, 1988Civil Status SingleSex FemaleAge 25 years oldEDUCATIONAL BACKGROUNDElementary Colegio de la Inmaculada ConcepcionYear Graduated 2001High School Colegio de la Inmaculada ConcepcionYear Graduated 2005College University of San CarlosYear Graduated 2009Course Bachelor of Education major in Special EducationGraduate Studies Cebu Normal UniversityYear Graduated PresentCourse scale of Arts in Education major Special Education- MentalRetardationEmployment RecordPosition Substitute TeacherSchool Barrio Luz Elementary School, DepEd CebuPERSONAL DATAName Angelie Lopez SenarosaAddress Catmaran, Basak, Compostela, CebuBirthday April 25, 1982Civil Statu sSingleSex FemaleAge 31 years oldEDUCATIONAL BACKGROUNDElementary Panangban Elementary SchoolYear Graduated 2000High School Compostela National High SchoolYear Graduated 2003College Cebu Normal UniversityYear Graduated 2007Course Bachelor in Secondary Education major in MathGraduate Studies Cebu Normal UniversityYear Graduated PresentCourse Master of Arts in Education major in MathEmployment RecordPosition Math TeacherSchool Mulao National High School, DepEd Cebu